MINUTES
STATE
OF NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
COUNTY
OF HENDERSON MAY 16,
2001
The Henderson
County Board of Commissioners met for a regularly scheduled meeting at 9:00 a.m.
in the Commissioners= Conference Room of the Henderson County Office
Building at 100 North King Street, Hendersonville, North Carolina.
Those present
were: Chairman Bill Moyer, Vice-Chair
Marilyn Gordon, Commissioner Grady Hawkins, Commissioner Don Ward, Commissioner
Charlie Messer, County Manager David E. Nicholson, County Attorney Angela S.
Beeker, and Clerk to the Board Elizabeth W. Corn.
Also present
were: Public Information Officer Chris S. Coulson, Assistant County Attorney
Jennifer O. Jackson, Planning Director Karen C. Smith, Assistant to the County
Manager Selena Coffey, Environmental Planner Nippy Page, Property Addressing
Coordinator Curtis Griffin, and Fire
Marshal/Emergency Management Coordinator Rocky Hyder.
CALL TO
ORDER/WELCOME
Chairman Moyer
called the meeting to order and welcomed those in attendance.
PLEDGE OF
ALLEGIANCE
Commissioner
Gordon led the Pledge of Allegiance to the American Flag.
INVOCATION
Rev. Debby Bradley of the Pardee Chaplaincy
Program gave the invocation.
DISCUSSION/ADJUSTMENT
OF AGENDA
Commissioner
Gordon added discussion of the State=s Lottery proposal as AD@ under
Discussion Items.
Chairman Moyer
added the Community Mobility Forum as AE@ under Discussion Items and a Hospital
Issue regarding a temporary license for a ventilator as AF@ under
Discussion Items.
County Attorney
Beeker asked the Board to roll one closed session item - personnel matter.
Chairman Moyer
made the motion to approve the revised agenda.
All voted in favor and the motion carried.
CONSENT AGENDA
Chairman Moyer
pulled items AD@ and AE@ from the
consent agenda - Tax Refunds and Releases and made the motion to approve the
Consent Agenda except for items D and E.
All voted in favor and the motion carried.
The CONSENT AGENDA consisted of the
following:
Minutes
Minutes were
presented for the Board=s review/approval of the April 26, 2001
special called meeting.
Tax Collector=s Report
Terry F. Lyda,
Tax Collector, provided the Tax Collector=s Report dated May 8 for the Board=s information.
Property
Addressing Report
Curtis Griffin,
Property Addressing Coordinator, had provided the report for the Board=s review.
Property
addressing contractor 3Di has finished gathering data on Rural Route 2 in
Fletcher. New addresses have been
forwarded to the Fletcher Post Office to verify edit sheet information. Expect to notify residents along Rural Route
2 within two weeks. This route took
longer to finish than originally planned due mainly to the problems 3Di
encountered when they began to collect data.
Some customers along the route had started to use the new addresses
assigned to them last year. Some
customers were skipped in that process and were using rural route and box
numbers as addresses, and some customers were using addresses that were assigned
by the post office. This forced 3Di to
start the entire route over again to ensure a consistent addressing scheme
along the entire route.
The Property
Addressing Office received new GPS mapping equipment. This will save enormous amounts of time in mapping, pinpointing
structure location and addressing properties, as well as increasing the quality
of data within the GIS database. In
comparison, the measuring wheel method required 40 man-hours to address a mobile
home park. Utilizing the new GPS equipment, only 4 man-hours of work was
required to address a similar size park and send out the required
letters of notification.
Upcoming Events
C
Public hearing on Road Renaming Project (May 29 public
hearing).
C
Public hearing on the addressing and resolution of street
names along the
County=s Rural Routes.
C
Begin to address Rural Route 1 in Fletcher and other rural
routes.
Request for
Improvements Guarantee for The Glens of Aberdeen
On January 2,
2001, the Board of Commissioners granted approval for Butler Holdings, L.L.C.
to post an irrevocable letter of credit in the amount of $81,428.75 to
guarantee completion of remaining road and drainage improvements as well as the
installation of water and sewer lines to serve lots 3 through 30 in the Cottage
Lots portion of The Glens of Aberdeen.
The Performance Guarantee for the improvement guarantee required that
Butler Holdings complete the improvements by April 30, 2001. The expiration date on the original letter
of credit from Branch Banking and Trust is June 30, 2001.
The posting of
an improvement guarantee allows a developer to have a subdivision final plat
approved for recordation prior to completion of proposed improvements. It also allows a developer to begin selling
lots. However, Butler Holdings has not
yet submitted a plat for approval for the lots covered by the improvement
guarantee and none of those lots have been sold.
Mr.
Luther E. Smith has submitted a letter on behalf of Butler Holdings requesting
that the completion date for the improvements be extended to June 30,
2001. According to Mr. Smith=s letter,
unanticipated site conditions have delayed construction. Staff made a site inspection of the project
on April 23, 2001, and found that the road and drainage improvements were
substantially complete. The water and
sewer lines had been installed, however the Asheville Buncombe Henderson
Regional Water Authority had not received the as-builts on the water system and
it had not yet made an inspection or done testing. There is also some additional work to be completed on the sewer
system.
Section
170-39 of the Subdivision Ordinance allows the Board of Commissioners, upon
proof of difficulty, to grant an extension of an improvements completion date
for up to one additional year, provided that the time between initiation and
completion of the improvements does not exceed two years. If the Board of Commissioners grants the
original Performance Guarantee Agreement and the proposed completion date of
June 30, 2001, it will be within the two-year maximum.
A
draft Performance Guarantee Agreement, which reflects the new completion date
requested by Butler Holdings, was presented for the Board=s review. If the extension request is approved, Butler
Holdings must submit an amended letter of credit that expires no less than 60
days after the new completion date. The
Assistant County Attorney must review the amended letter of credit and certify
the Agreement as to form prior to its execution by the Chairman of the Board of
Commissioners and Butler Holdings.
David
Nicholson stated this is the first extension request for this project and the
extension, if granted, would not cause the developer to exceed the two-year
maximum time period for completion of the required improvements. In addition, the developer has not yet sold
any of the lots covered by the improvement guarantee because the final plat has
not yet been approved. Therefore, he
recommended that the Board approve the request to extend the completion date
for the improvement guarantee for lots 3 through 30 in the Cottage Lots portion
of The Glens of Aberdeen to June 30, 2001, subject to the developer submitting
an amended letter of credit that expires no less than 60 days after the new
completion date and subject to the Assistant County Attorney reviewing the
amended letter of credit.
County
Management Records Retention and Disposition Schedule
The
Local Records Unit of the Government Records Branch of the North Carolina
Department of Cultural Resources has updated the Records Retention and
Disposition Schedule for County Governments.
This Schedule replaces a similar schedule from 1991. This Schedule covers records in the areas
such as Administrative, Financial, Legal and Personnel. A copy of the cover letter, resolution and
table of contents was submitted for the Board=s review.
The
Board was requested to approve this Schedule.
Following the Board=s approval, copies of the appropriate
sections will be made available to all County Departments.
Mr. Nicholson
informed the Board that he did not have the entire Schedule copied for the
meeting because it is nearly 80 pages in length. Should any Commissioner wish to have a copy of this entire
Schedule or any Section, it is available in both the Clerk to the Board=s Office and
the Legal Department.
Mr. Nicholson
recommended that the Board approve the Schedule. Henderson County has always utilized this statewide
Schedule. The only alternative to using
this Schedule would be to develop an alternative and more restrictive records
retention schedule for Henderson County.
PROPOSED
AMENDMENTS TO PROPERTY ADDRESSING ORDINANCE
Rocky Hyder
reminded the Board that at the Board of Commissioners= meeting on May
7, 2001, the Commissioners reviewed some proposed amendments to the Property
Addressing Ordinance requested by the Property Addressing Office. The Board asked that those amendments be
clarified in a couple of areas and put back on this meeting for adoption.
Those
amendments have been reviewed by staff and clarified. The Board was presented with a summary of the proposed amendments
as well as a full copy of Chapter 142.
A public
hearing is not necessary on the adoption of the amendments. As with any general ordinance adoption or
amendment, to be adopted and effective at the first meeting at which it is
introduced, the amendments must pass unanimously with a full Board
present. Otherwise, it will need to be
placed on a subsequent agenda for a second vote.
David Nicholson
recommended that the Board take appropriate action to approve the amendments as
presented. Once the initial
readdressing project is completed, Staff will be taking another, more
comprehensive look at the Property Addressing Ordinance and may be proposing
additional amendments.
Chairman Moyer
made the motion to approve the proposed amendments to the property addressing
ordinance with a slight change to add the word Afavorable@ in paragraph two. All voted in favor and the motion carried.
HOSPITAL
PROJECTS REIMBURSEMENT RESOLUTION
David Nicholson
reminded the Board that the Henderson County Hospital Corporation has for some
time been planning three capital projects which include a medical office
building, a parking deck, and an expansion to its emergency room
facilities. The Hospital in part wishes
to finance these projects with the issuance of revenue bonds and the County has
been working with the Hospital on that financing project. At the Board=s next meeting (June 4, 2001) the
Hospital anticipates introducing that financing project to the Board of
Commissioners in more detail. Representatives
from the Hospital will be present at that meeting to discuss the projects and
the financing with the Board.
In anticipation
of the financing project, the Board of Commissioners adopted a reimbursement
resolution on July 3, 2000, that covers all three projects, a copy of which was
submitted for the Board=s review. At that time those projects were expected to cost $16.3 million
and the Hospital had planned on financing $10 million through revenue
bonds. Currently the cost estimates for
the projects are approximately $23.75 million.
Due to the increase in cost estimates and the condition of the market
for hospital projects, the Hospital would like to finance up to $15 million
through the issuance of revenue bonds.
Two of the
hospital projects (medical office building and parking deck) are in various
stages of completion, therefore it is important to amend the reimbursement
resolution previously adopted to reflect the changes in the projects estimated
cost and the amount that will be financed.
Staff had prepared an amended resolution for the Board to consider.
Mr. Nicholson
recommended that the Board take action to adopt the amended reimbursement
resolution as presented today. This
amendment should be done as soon as possible; however, if the Board is
uncomfortable taking action on this matter without detailed information from
the Hospital on the financing, the adoption of the amended resolution can wait
until the Board=s next regular
meeting which is scheduled for June 4, 2001.
This information
was presented for information and no action was requested at this time.
UPDATE ON
PENDING ISSUES
NC DOT - Update
on Secondary Roads
Chairman Moyer
wanted to remind the public that the Board and NC Department of Transportation
had the annual public hearing here on May 11 about the road paving
project. Our district representatives
from NC DOT were present: Conrad Burrell, Jay Swain, and Ed Green. Henderson County will receive $4,645,735.14
from the state with respect to continuing the paving of secondary roads and
some maintenance and improvement of roads.
He particularly
wanted to make the public aware that there is a listing of roads to be paved
during the next fiscal year. Anyone
interested in that list or a name on that list can contact Ed Green at NC DOT
or contact the Commissioner=s office. There was also a lengthy list of roads where rights-of-way are
not available. These roads were once on
a priority list to be paved but for some reason right-of-way was not available
and therefore the road was put on this back up list. They do not come back on the paving list until the right-of-way
problems have been resolved. In the
next three years paving will have been offered to every gravel road in western
North Carolina. If you live on a gravel
road and want your road paved, you should contact NC DOT to check on the status
of your road as these paving funds may not continue to be available after the
three year period.
PROPOSED OPEN
USE (OU) REGULATIONS
On February 12,
2001, the Board embarked on a 3-month plan to adopt Open Use Zoning.
Chairman Moyer
informed those present that the Board held a public hearing last evening on the
Open Use Proposed District and how it would be applied. The Board received public input from approx.
18 people. The Board had also received
some written correspondence. There was some discussion by the Board last
evening and some changes were made, based on some of the public comments. The
Board decided to defer action until this meeting today.
Chairman Moyer
stated that one of the issues that was left on the table was the issue with
respect to cars, vehicle graveyards.
There was one person who spoke and asked that the number be changed from
five to ten. Much discussion followed.
Angela Beeker
suggested refining the definition but leave the number at five unless the
vehicles are in an enclosed building, then there would be no limit to the
number of vehicles. This is as an
accessory use, not as the primary use.
Action
Chairman Moyer
moved that the text amendments in the March 19, 2001 (blue) Draft be adopted
with the changes reviewed by Staff during the public hearing and with the
following additional amendments:
$
In the definition of Chip Mills - change 100,000 tons to
50,000 tons;
$
On the specific site standards chart - change the maximum
residential density for heavy industry, asphalt plants and incinerators to 1
unit per 8 acres within a 1 mile radius;
$
Revise the section on subsequent events to state that
subsequent events Ashall not operate to invalidate the permit or
affect the ability of the use to alter or expand its facilities or operations@ and add a
provision to that section to make it clear that events occurring around a
preexisting use will not affect the ability of the preexisting use to alter or
expand its facilities or operations;
$
Any obvious typographical error, such as inconsistencies in
paragraph numbering and formatting, can be changed;
$
In the definition of vehicle graveyards - revise it to cover
only those vehicles not enclosed within a building or structure.
Commissioner
Hawkins stated that he could not support the amendment. He stated that the Board has spent much time
on open use but it was developed in isolation. He also felt that government
should not exclude itself from its own regulations. He was not happy with the way the information was advertised
either (protected mountain ranges).
Chairman Moyer
stated that the Board unanimously adopted the County-wide Land Use Regulation
Guide on September 7, 1999. The first
step of that plan was to adopt an open use district and to apply it
county-wide. Step two was to study the areas around the municipalities and
determine whether a different type zoning or traditional zoning should be
applied in those areas. The Board is
working on that through the LGCCA to study that as well as annexation and ETJ
extensions. Step three of the plan was
to study the growth areas, the major corridors, and (as added by action of this
Board) the industrial areas to determine whether more traditional zoning should
be applied in those areas. The Board
has authorized moving forward with the industrial areas and are studying the
growth areas in the Mills River and Fletcher area including several of the
major corridors. All aspects of the
plan are being well coordinated and this is not one piece that is being pulled
out.
Following more
discussion with Commissioners feeling that open use is a good first step, a
vote was taken on Mr. Moyer=s motion and it carried four to one with
Commissioner Hawkins voting nay. The
Board thanked staff for their hard work and long hours on this project, as well
as the Planning Board.
Action
Chairman Moyer
moved that the official zoning map be amended to apply the Open Use District to
all unzoned areas of the County that are within the County=s zoning
jurisdiction, except for the National Forest and the State Forest and that it
be effective immediately.
Following
discussion, a vote was taken and the motion carried four to one with
Commissioner Hawkins voting nay.
Chairman Moyer
stated that this action does not reflect any one Commissioner=s plan and it
speaks well for this Board that everyone was willing to compromise and try a
unique approach to benefit our county.
He felt that the Board is committed to carrying out the rest of the
plan. The Board is moving forward with
water and sewer planning, another important step, as well as road planning and
school planning.
Angela Beeker
informed the Board that there are a couple of ordinances that will need to be
repealed since Open Use has been put into place county-wide. Some of them require a public hearing and
some do not. She felt comfortable with
lumping all them together and having one public hearing. The ordinances in question here are:
junkyard ordinance, motor sports facilities ordinance, the incinerator
ordinance, and specific provisions of the solid waste ordinance. She requested that the Board set a public
hearing for the July 2 meeting to consider the repeal of those ordinances.
Chairman Moyer
made the motion to set July 2 at 7:00 p.m. as the public hearing to consider
repeal of those ordinances. All voted
in favor and the motion carried.
REDISTRICTING
A revised
proposal submitted by Commissioner Hawkins had been presented for the Board=s
consideration. Commissioner Hawkins
explained that it is based on
additional information provided by the State Board of Elections regarding
census numbers in each precinct. The
revised districts meet the test of the 10% rule, meaning that all districts are
within 10% of the ideal sized district (17,834). The Board has the authority under NCGS 154A-22.1 (the Moore
County bill) to change the district boundary lines if a finding is made that
there is substantial inequality of population in the Commissioner districts
presently.
The Board has
scheduled to take action on this item at the mid-June regular meeting.
Much discussion
followed with the majority of the Board wanting to have another workshop on
this issue. Commissioner Ward reminded
the Board that this is just a residency requirement, that each Commissioner
represents all county residents. It was
the consensus of the Board to set a workshop under AImportant Dates@ on this
agenda.
CANE CREEK
ADVISORY BOARD CHARTER
Marilyn Gordon
reminded the Board that the Cane Creek Water and Sewer District Advisory Board
was originally appointed for a two-year term.
This term will end at the end of June of 2001. The committee reviewed its purpose and future functions at their
last meeting. Based on this discussion,
they have updated their charter for presentation to the Board of Commissioners
at today=s meeting She
asked the Board to extend the charter for an additional two years, based on the
new charter.
Mr. Nicholson
stated that staff has found this committee very valuable over the past two
years and recommended to the Board that this committee continue under the
revised charter.
Following more
discussion, Commissioner Gordon made the motion for the Board to extend the
Charter for the Cane Creek Advisory Board for an additional two years, based on
the new charter. All voted in favor and
the motion carried.
There was
discussion of whether the Board wants to continue in the sewer business. Chairman Moyer suggested putting this issue
as an agenda item in July, after budget time.
Angela Beeker
suggested adding this Board to the Henderson County Code with a sunset
date. That was agreeable with the
Board.
STATE LOTTERY
PROPOSAL
add-on by Commissioner Gordon
Commissioner
Gordon stated that there is considerable discussion regarding a State Lottery
for North Carolina, to be used to balance the State=s budget. She stated that she did not support this
proposal, feeling that there are ethical and fiscal responsibility issues that
relate to it. This issue is being
reviewed in the State Legislature. She
suggested the Board adopt a resolution opposing a lottery for North
Carolina.
Following much
discussion with all the Commissioners agreeing for various reasons,
Commissioner Gordon made the motion that the Board adopt a resolution opposing
a state lottery for North Carolina and send copies of it to our
Legislators. All voted in favor and the
motion carried.
Commissioner
Gordon will draft the resolution and get copies to all the Commissioners prior
to execution.
TRANSPORTATION
ADVISORY COMMITTEE - Community Mobility Forum - add on by Chairman Moyer
Chairman Moyer
reminded those in attendance of the forum planned for tomorrow evening at 7:00
p.m. He encouraged attendance. One of the committees of the TAC deals with
community mobility including alternative forms of transportation. They also spend time on roads and other
forms of transportation. The forum will
give the public a chance for public input with respect to transportation
issues. There will be a survey
distributed at the forum and at other places to give people a chance to
indicate what they like and what they don=t like and even what they would be
willing to pay towards the cost of some of these forms of transportation.
CABLE TV -
Channel # 11
Chairman Moyer
wanted to remind everyone that there have been some changes in the line-up for
channel # 11. The Commissioners have
all received a revised copy. It is
available on the web for the public and also is available on channel # 11 on
the guide.
PARDEE HOSPITAL
- Temporary License for a Ventilator
Jennifer
Jackson explained that currently the hospital only has ventilator beds
available and licensed for in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). These are beds that are hooked up to actual
ventilators that assist patients to breath.
A circumstance
has arisen that has tied up one of those ICU beds for a patient that really
needs a lower level of medical assistance but the hospital must keep that
patient in the ICU because that=s the only bed that they are licensed
for.
The hospital,
through their CEO and their Attorney, would like to go to Raleigh to meet with
the Division of Facilities Services to request some assistance or some
consideration in a temporary license that would allow a ventilator bed to be
utilized in the Lane Wing (the Assisted Living Unit) of the hospital. They have asked Henderson County for some
support in that meeting since Pardee is operating as the public hospital in our
county. Our DSS (Department of Social
Services) folks have been involved and the hospital felt it was important to
have the county at the table for these discussions. She brought the matter before the Board on behalf of the
hospital. Ms. Jackson had been asked if
she would consider attending on behalf of Henderson County and she agreed that
she would consider it if authorized to do so by the Board of Commissioners.
Chairman Moyer
stated that this has been a very difficult case for the hospital and DSS. It has put an enormous financial burden on
the county in many areas and is tying up the hospital in an area where they
need some help.
There was much
discussion. Chairman Moyer suggested
the Board approve this with the assumption that Commissioner Hawkins get more
information for the Commissioners regarding this issue since he is the Board=s
representative on the Hospital Board.
Action needs to be quick on this item.
The Commissioners felt that protocol should have been followed with the
lines of communication on this issue and Commissioner Hawkins will address that
with the Hospital Board.
It was the
consensus of the Board to support the Chairman directing Jennifer Jackson to
move forward to proceed with this request from Pardee Hospital and attend the
meeting to demonstrate County support.
INFORMAL PUBLIC
COMMENTS
1. Jack Reed - Mr. Reed
referred to a Times-News article in this morning=s paper that refers to the Open Use
workshop held last night. He stated
that the Times-News article distorted the facts regarding residential density.
Mr. Reed
reminded the Board that on March 28 several Nursing Homes and Adult Care Homes
sent his name in as a nominee to serve on the Nursing/Adult Home Community
Advisory Committee. The Community
Advisory Committee is entitled to 1/3 of the persons on the committee to be
nominated by them. He stated that there
currently is no-one on the committee that has been nominated by the homes. He asked about the status of that action.
Chairman Moyer
informed Mr. Reed that the Board would address Anominations@ shortly.
IMPORTANT DATES
David Nicholson
reminded the Board of several dates they need to address at this time:
Redistricting
Workshop
The Board set a
workshop for May 30th from 3:00 to 5:00 p.m.
Comprehensive
County Plan Workshop
The Board set a
workshop for June 7th from 9:00 - 10:30 a.m.
Public Hearing
on Rural Operations Assistance Grant
David Nicholson
asked that the Board set this public hearing.
This is an annual thing. This is
the money that Apple Country gets to do their basic operations.
Chairman Moyer
made the motion to set the public hearing on June 20 at 11:00 a.m. on the Rural
Operations Assistance Grant
Additional
Budget Workshops
Mr. Nicholson
proposed that the Board hold a budget workshop in early June with the Schools
and one with the Fire Departments. It
was decided to hold the workshop with the School Board on June 12 at 3:00 p.m.
Consideration
of moving the first meeting in September
David Nicholson
stated that one of the Commissioners would like for the Board to consider
moving the first meeting in September from Tuesday, September 4 to Monday,
September 10. Commissioner Hawkins made
the motion to move the regularly scheduled Board meeting from September 4 to
September 10 at 5:30 p.m. All voted in
favor and the motion carried.
Cancellation of
May 24 budget workshop
The Board
canceled the budget workshop scheduled for May 24 because Commissioner Ward was
not available that day.
NOMINATIONS
Nominations
Chairman Moyer
reminded the Board of the following vacancies and opened the floor to
nominations:
1. Nursing/Adult
Care Home Community Advisory Committee - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
2.
Mountain Area Workforce Development Board - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
3.
Land-of-Sky Regional Council Advisory Council on Aging - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
4.
Equalization and Review - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
5.
Retired Senior Volunteer Program Advisory Council - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
6.
Juvenile Crime Prevention Council - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
7.
Henderson County Zoning Board of Adjustment - 1 vac.
There were no
nominations at this time so this item was rolled to the next meeting.
8.
Hendersonville City Zoning Board of Adjustment - 1 vac.
Commissioner
Hawkins nominated Larry Holbert as our ETJ representative. There were no other nominations. Commissioner Hawkins made the motion to
accept Mr. Holbert by acclamation. All
voted in favor and the motion carried.
CLOSED SESSION
Chairman Moyer made
the motion for the Board to go into closed session as allowed pursuant to NCGS
143-318.11 for the following reasons:
1.(a)(3) To
consult with an attorney employed or retained by the public body in order to
preserve the attorney-client privilege between the attorney and the public
body, which privilege is hereby acknowledged and to consult with an attorney
employed or retained by the public body in order to consider and give
instructions to the attorney with respect to the following claims:
Mary L. Hensley vs.
Henderson County and Henderson County Department
of Social Services
[Hend. Co. File No. 01 CVS 168]
2.(a)(4) To
discuss matters relating to the location or expansion of industries or other
businesses in the area served by the public body.
Chairman Moyer made the motion for the Board
to go out of closed session. All voted
in favor and the motion carried.
No action was taken following closed session.
There being no further business to come
before the Board, the meeting was adjourned.
Attest:
Elizabeth W. Corn, Clerk to the Board William L. Moyer,
Chairman